Class 8 Geography Chapter 5 Notes / Industries Class 8 Geography Notes
In Class 8 Geography Chapter 5 Notes- Industry we discuss the Classification of Industries, Industrial Systems, Industrial Regions, and details of Steel and Cotton textile Industries. Notes of Ch 5 Industry class 8th Geography is a part of our NCERT Notes. You can also download class 8th chapter 5 notes pdf.
What is an Industry?
Industry refers to economic activity that is concerned with the production of goods, extraction of minerals or the provision of services. For example iron and steel industry (production of goods), the coal mining industry (extraction of coal) and the tourism industry (service provider).
Classification of Industries
Industries can be classified on the basis of raw materials, size and ownership.
Industries Classified on the basis of Raw Materials: Depending on the type of raw materials they use Industries may be agro-based, mineral-based, marine-based or forest-based.
- Agro-based industries- use plant and animal-based products as their raw materials. Food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile, dairy products and leather industries are examples of agro-based industries.
- Mineral-based industries– are primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw materials. The products of these industries feed other industries.
- Marine-based industries– use products from the sea and oceans as raw materials. Industries processing seafood or manufacturing fish oil are some examples.
- Forest-based industries– utilise forest produce as raw materials. The industries associated with forests are pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture and buildings.
Industries Classified on the basis of Size: It refers to the amount of capital invested, the number of people employed and the volume of production. Based on the size, industries can be classified into small-scale and large-scale industries.
- Small-scale industry– where the products are manufactured by hand, by the artisans and use a lesser amount of capital and technology. For example Cottage or household industries. Basket weaving, pottery and other handicrafts are examples of the cottage industry.
- Large-scale industry- large scale industries use large amounts of capital and technology and produce large volumes of products. Production of automobiles and heavy machinery are large-scale industries.
Industries Classified on the basis of Ownership: On the bases of ownership Industries can be classified into the private sector, state-owned or public sector, joint sector and cooperative sector.
- Private sector industries– owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.
- Public sector industries– owned and operated by the government.
- Joint sector industries– Owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Eg Maruti Udyog Limited.
- Co-operative sector– Industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. Eg- Anand Milk Union Limited.
Factors Affecting the Location of Industries
The factors affecting the location of industries are the availability of raw materials, land, water, labour, power, capital, transport and market.
- Industries are situated where some or all of these factors are easily available.
- Sometimes, the government provides incentives like subsidised power, lower transport cost and other infrastructure so that industries may be located in backward areas.
- Industrialisation often leads to the development and growth of towns and cities.
Industrial System
An industrial system consists of inputs, processes and outputs.
- The inputs are the raw materials, labour and costs of land, transport, power and other infrastructure.
- The processes include a wide range of activities that convert the raw material into finished products.
- The outputs are the end product and the income earned from it.
Industrial Regions
Industrial regions emerge when a number of industries locate close to each other and share the benefits of their closeness.
- Major industrial regions tend to be located in temperate areas, near seaports and especially near coal fields.
- Industrial regions in India
- Mumbai- Pune cluster,
- Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region,
- Hugli region,
- Ahmedabad-Baroda region,
- Chottanagpur industrial belt,
- Vishakhapatnam-Guntur belt,
- Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region and the
- Kollam-Thiruvanathapuram industrial cluster.
Industrial Disaster
In industries, accidents/disasters mainly occur due to technical failure or irresponsible handling of hazardous material. For example Bhopal gas disaster of 1984 in which 3598 people were dead due to the leak of Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) gas.
Risk Reduction Measures
- Densely populated residential areas should be separated far away from the industrial areas.
- People staying in the vicinity of industries should be aware of the storage of toxins or hazardous substances and their possible effects in case an accident occurs.
- Fire warnings and fighting systems should be improved.
- The storage capacity of toxic substances should be limited.
- Pollution dispersion qualities in industries should be improved.
Distribution of Major Industries
The world’s major industries are the iron and steel industry, the textile industry and the information technology industry.
- The iron and steel and textile industry are the older industries while information technology is an emerging industry.
- The countries in which the iron and steel industry is located are Germany, USA, China, Japan and Russia.
- The textile industry is concentrated in India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan.
- The major hubs of the Information technology industry are the Silicon Valley of Central California and the Bangalore region of India.
Iron and Steel Industry
This is a feeder industry whose products are used as raw materials for other industries.
- Input– iron ore, coal and limestone, along with labour, capital, site and other infrastructure.
- Process– Converting iron ore into steel involves many stages. Eg – Smelting and Refining
- Output– Steel and Iron
Steel is tough and it can easily be shaped, cut, or made into wire. Special alloys of steel can be made by adding small amounts of other metals such as aluminium, nickel, and copper. Alloys give steel unusual hardness, toughness, or ability to resist rust. Steel is often called the backbone of modern industry.
Almost everything we use is either made of iron or steel or has been made with tools and machinery of these metals. Eg- Ships, trains, trucks, autos, safety pins, and needles are made up of steel and Oil wells drilled with steel machinery. Steel pipelines transport oil. Minerals are mined with steel equipment. Farm machines are mostly steel. Large buildings have steel frameworks.
In India, the iron and steel industry has developed taking advantage of raw materials, cheap labour, transport and the market. Durgapur, Burnpur, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, and Bokaro are situated in a region that spreads over four states — West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha and Chhattisgarh.
Jamshedpur
Before 1947, there was only one iron and steel plant in the country – Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO). It was privately owned. After Independence, the government took the initiative and set up several iron and steel plants.
- TISCO was started in 1907 at Sakchi, near the confluence of the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai in Jharkhand.
- Later on, Sakchi was renamed Jamshedpur.
- Sakchi was chosen to set up the steel plant for several reasons.
- This place was only 32 km away from Kalimati station
- It was close to the iron ore, coal and manganese deposits as well as to Kolkata, which provided a large market.
- TISCO gets coal from Jharia coalfields, and iron ore, limestone, dolomite and manganese from Odisha and Chhattisgarh.
- The Kharkai and Subarnarekha rivers ensured sufficient water supply.
- Government initiatives provided adequate capital for its later development.
The development of the iron and steel industry opened the doors to rapid industrial development in India. Almost all sectors of the Indian industry depend heavily on the iron and steel industry for their basic infrastructure.
Pittsburgh- It is an important steel city in the United States of America.
Cotton Textile Industry
The term ‘textile’ is derived from the Latin word texere which means to weave.
Weaving cloth from yarn is an ancient art. Cotton, wool, silk, jute, and flax have been used for making cloth.
- The textile industry can be divided on the basis of raw materials used in them.
- Fibres are the raw material of the textile industry.
- Fibres can be natural or man-made.
- Natural fibres are obtained from wool, silk, cotton, linen and jute.
- Man-made fibres include nylon, polyester, acrylic and rayon.
- The cotton textile industry is one of the oldest industries in the world.
- Till the industrial revolution in the 18th century, cotton cloth was made using hand-spinning techniques (wheels) and looms.
- In the 18th century power looms facilitated the development of the cotton textile industry, first in Britain and later in other parts of the world.
- Today India, China, Japan and the USA are important producers of cotton textiles.
- India has a glorious tradition of producing excellent quality cotton textiles.
- Before British rule, Indian hand-spun and hand-woven cloth already had a wide market.
- The first successful mechanized textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854.
- The warm, moist climate, a port for importing machinery, availability of raw materials and skilled labour resulted in the rapid expansion of the industry in the region.
Ahmedabad:
It is located in Gujarat on the banks of the Sabarmati river. The first mill was established in 1859. It soon became the second largest textile city in India, after Mumbai. Ahmedabad was therefore often referred to as the ‘Manchester of India’.
Favourable locational factors were responsible for the development of the textile industry in Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad is situated very close to a cotton-growing area. This ensures the easy availability of raw materials. The climate is ideal for spinning and weaving.
- The flat terrain and easy availability of land are suitable for the establishment of the mills.
- The densely populated states of Gujarat and Maharashtra provide both skilled and semi-skilled labour.
- Well-developed roads and railway networks permit easy transportation of textiles to different parts of the country, thus providing easy access to the market.
- Mumbai port nearby facilitates the import of machinery and export of cotton textiles.
In recent years, Ahmedabad textile mills have been having some problems. Several textile mills have closed down. This is primarily due to the emergence of new textile centres in the country as well as the non- upgradation of machines and technology in the mills of Ahmedabad.
Osaka:
It is an important textile centre of Japan, also known as the ‘Manchester of Japan’.
Class 8 Geography Chapter 5 Notes- Do you know?
- Emerging industries are also known as ‘Sunrise Industries’.These include Information technology, Wellness, Hospitality and Knowledge.
- Smelting– It is the process in which metals are extracted from their ores by heating beyond the melting point
- The names of the Great Lakes are Superior, Huron, Ontario, Michigan and Erie. Lake Superior is the largest of these five lakes. It lies higher upstream than others.
- The first textile mill in the country was established at Fort Gloster near Kolkata in 1818 but it closed down after some time.
- About one-third of the Indian textile industry’s total production is exported.
